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Revere bells were cast out of the bell foundry of Paul Revere starting in 1792 in Boston. Revere became known professionally for his foundries and for being one of the few competent bell makers in the United States at the time.〔Martello, Robert (2010). ''Midnight Ride, Industrial Dawn: Paul Revere and the Growth of American Enterprise''. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 157.〕 Paul Revere opened his bell foundry in the Boston's North End and, between the years 1792 and 1828, the foundry cast a total of 398 bells that varied from 500 to 2500 pounds. The vast majority of Revere's bells have pleasant tones, are long lasting, and served as centerpieces of their communities. They were used in schools, on ships and for communication. For example, a church bell tolled during a fire, let the community know of a death or wedding, and signaled the start of mass.〔Martello, p. 161.〕 An example of the longevity of his bells comes from Henry W. Owen who spoke of the Revere bell at Bath City Hall in 1936: For more than a century (the bell) was rung daily morning, noon and evening, at stated hours, besides announcing hours of religious services and alarms of fire, tolling for departed citizens, and pealing in honor of independence days and other occasions of joy. On account of its age it has been retired from regular duty, but still on special occasions is sparingly used.〔(History of the Paul Revere Bell )〕 ==History== Paul Revere cast his first bell for the Second Church in Boston. As a church member, he offered to take up the challenge of recasting the church's cracked bell himself, despite the fact that he had no previous experience in the craft. For guidance, he turned to one of America's few knowledgeable bell casters: Aaron Hobart, a Massachusetts acquaintance. But even with Hobart's guidance, Revere's first bell had a poor tone quality 〔''The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney'', p. 3.〕 and contained visible imperfections, "(any other of ) the more than one hundred bells his shop produced during the period of his active involvement".〔Martello, p. 158.〕 A century later, a reverend in the same church, Edward G. Porter, expounded upon it in a chapter of his ''Rambles in Old Boston'' titled "A Noted Bell".〔Edward Griffin Porter, ''Rambles in Old Boston'' (Boston: Cupples, Upham, and Company, 1887), p. 330.〕 The reverend appreciated the bell for all the civil functions it had punctuated with its sound, and claimed that it "deserves a place among the famous bells of the world." Many of Revere's initial failures can be attributed to the lack of standardization in bell founding at the time. Correspondences and records from Revere show that he probably used existing bells as models for his own,〔Martello〕 as he had no scientific understanding of how to optimize their shape. However, after experimentation and working with masters in the craft, Revere eventually produced bells praised for their pleasant sound.〔''The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney'', p. 3.〕 Joseph Warren Revere claimed that "we know we can cast as good bells as can be cast in the world, both for goodness and for sound."〔Revere, in ''The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney'', p. 3.〕 The ability to cast items as large as bells led to the development of other areas of Revere's business. The establishment of his foundry started a paradigm shift as he realized his "air furnace" could be used for different metals, alloys, and for very large pieces.〔Martello, p. 158.〕 After 1792, Revere expanded his range of products to include items such as cannons. His products became so varied that many found hard to believe it was all the work of a single man.〔Martello, p. 159.〕 Bell casting also led to a change in his career path, as he began to use his skills to improve his societal image and standing. While his excellence in manufacturing made him a respected craftsman, Revere's role in pioneering bell manufacturing in the United States propelled him to a higher social status. This new prestige allowed him to gain government contracts and play a role in improving America's technological infrastructure.〔Martello, p. 160.〕 Thus, he continued his service to his country while furthering his career as an entrepreneur. During the time of his active employment, Revere's foundry made over one hundred bells as recorded in the official family stock books and ledgers. The highly artistic nature of the bell making craft resulted in a high degree of customization for each bell, which made standardization almost impossible.〔Martello, p. 172.〕 As a result, Revere's personal involvement in his bells declined as other aspects of his business gained greater success. In 1804, Revere formed a partnership with his son, Joseph Warren Revere, to share equally in the work and profits of the bell making venture. This partnership lasted until 1811, when it was disbanded and replaced by a new partnership, "Paul Revere and Son," between Joseph Warren Revere and Paul Revere's grandsons Paul 3rd and Thomas Eayres Jr.〔''The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney'', p. 12.〕 Joseph Warren Revere took the primary role in the bell foundry and continued the business after his father's death in 1818.〔''The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney,'' page 10.〕 The last bell listed in the official stock books of Revere & Son is dated in 1828, the same year when the company was incorporated into Revere Copper Company, with Joseph Revere as the president. The Revere Copper Company continued to make bells with the inscription "Revere Bosaton" until 1843.〔''The Bells of Paul Revere and His Sons and Grandsons, Edward and Evelyn Stickney,'' pp. 26–28.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Revere bells」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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